@article {Poli570, author = {Gian Luca Poli and Marco Coca and Leonel Torres and Frederic Fahey and Michael Lassmann and Claire-Louise Chapple and Peter Homolka and Harry Delis}, title = {Developing and Implementing an Imaging Optimization Study in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine: Experience and Recommendations from an IAEA-Coordinated Research Project}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, pages = {570--576}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.2967/jnumed.120.244616}, publisher = {Society of Nuclear Medicine}, abstract = {The International Atomic Energy Agency instituted a coordinated research project on the evaluation and optimization of pediatric imaging, addressing the lack of consistency in this field. The purpose was to develop and test an optimization schema for the practices of pediatric radiology and nuclear medicine. Methods: A 5-step optimization schema was developed. Once a protocol optimization is identified, the steps are as follows: identification of the imaging situation; collection of administered-activity data and evaluation of the diagnostic image quality at baseline; comparison of baseline administered activity data with published standards or other benchmarks; identification of intervention, if necessary; and implementation of intervention and evaluation. Results: Within the coordinated research project, two sites considered optimization projects regarding nuclear medicine. In this work, renal imaging using 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) projects are presented as examples. Site 1 acquired its standard 300-s static 99mTc-DMSA studies as 5-frame dynamic studies in 29 children. Frames were added to simulate different levels of administered activity. Image quality was subjectively judged on a 3-point Likert scale. A 30\% reduction in administered activity with increased imaging duration (350 s) across all age groups was shown to be acceptable. This reduction was implemented and evaluated in 31 subsequent children, yielding administered activities significantly lower than baseline (mean relative differences of 30\%, 37\%, and 38\% for children aged 0{\textendash}5, 5{\textendash}10, and 10{\textendash}15 y, respectively). Site 2 performed a phantom study to determine the impact of lowering administered activity on image noise, finding that administered activities could be significantly lowered if longer imaging times were used. This led to a 50\%{\textendash}70\% reduction from baseline with no loss in image quality. Conclusion: A dose optimization approach was applied successfully for several procedures commonly performed in pediatric nuclear medicine. Results are reported for renal cortical imaging using 99mTc-DMSA, leading to significant reductions in administered activity (and thus radiation dose). This optimization schema can be successfully implemented by nuclear medicine clinics seeking to improve their approach to imaging children.}, issn = {0161-5505}, URL = {https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/62/4/570}, eprint = {https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/62/4/570.full.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine} }