PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Mats Bergstrom
TI  - The Use of Microdosing in the Development of Small Organic and Protein Therapeutics
AID  - 10.2967/jnumed.116.188037
DP  - 2017 Aug 01
TA  - Journal of Nuclear Medicine
PG  - 1188--1195
VI  - 58
IP  - 8
4099  - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/58/8/1188.short
4100  - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/58/8/1188.full
SO  - J Nucl Med2017 Aug 01; 58
AB  - Microdosing as a regulatory concept was introduced to facilitate exploratory studies in humans. The concept involves the use of very low doses of a radionuclide-labeled compound for imaging studies or for assessing plasma pharmacokinetics using equipment that has a highly sensitive readout. The supporting principle is that use of these low doses for a limited time in well-controlled, small populations will limit exposure and have a low risk of adverse effects. Microdosing regulations specify a reduced preclinical toxicology-assessment package in order to shorten the route to human studies and reduce its cost. However, for extrapolation to therapeutically relevant doses and plasma concentrations, there are specific aspects of the use of these low doses and low plasma concentrations that require special attention. These specific aspects are reviewed in this article, with separate attention being paid to small organic molecules and protein therapeutics. The indications for microdosing in drug development are discussed in terms of the 3 pillars of survival in drug development, the first of which is characterization of tissue distribution and access to the site of action; the second, engagement of the target; and the third, induction of tissue responses relevant to a therapeutic response.