TY - JOUR T1 - PET/MRI in the Presence of Metal Implants: Completion of the Attenuation Map from PET Emission Data JF - Journal of Nuclear Medicine JO - J Nucl Med SP - 840 LP - 845 DO - 10.2967/jnumed.116.183343 VL - 58 IS - 5 AU - Niccolo Fuin AU - Stefano Pedemonte AU - Onofrio A. Catalano AU - David Izquierdo-Garcia AU - Andrea Soricelli AU - Marco Salvatore AU - Keith Heberlein AU - Jacob M. Hooker AU - Koen Van Leemput AU - Ciprian Catana Y1 - 2017/05/01 UR - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/58/5/840.abstract N2 - We present a novel technique for accurate whole-body attenuation correction in the presence of metallic endoprosthesis, on integrated non–time-of-flight (non-TOF) PET/MRI scanners. The proposed implant PET-based attenuation map completion (IPAC) method performs a joint reconstruction of radioactivity and attenuation from the emission data to determine the position, shape, and linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of metallic implants. Methods: The initial estimate of the attenuation map was obtained using the MR Dixon method currently available on the Siemens Biograph mMR scanner. The attenuation coefficients in the area of the MR image subjected to metal susceptibility artifacts are then reconstructed from the PET emission data using the IPAC algorithm. The method was tested on 11 subjects presenting 13 different metallic implants, who underwent CT and PET/MR scans. Relative mean LACs and Dice similarity coefficients were calculated to determine the accuracy of the reconstructed attenuation values and the shape of the metal implant, respectively. The reconstructed PET images were compared with those obtained using the reference CT-based approach and the Dixon-based method. Absolute relative change (aRC) images were generated in each case, and voxel-based analyses were performed. Results: The error in implant LAC estimation, using the proposed IPAC algorithm, was 15.7% ± 7.8%, which was significantly smaller than the Dixon- (100%) and CT- (39%) derived values. A mean Dice similarity coefficient of 73% ± 9% was obtained when comparing the IPAC- with the CT-derived implant shape. The voxel-based analysis of the reconstructed PET images revealed quantification errors (aRC) of 13.2% ± 22.1% for the IPAC- with respect to CT-corrected images. The Dixon-based method performed substantially worse, with a mean aRC of 23.1% ± 38.4%. Conclusion: We have presented a non-TOF emission-based approach for estimating the attenuation map in the presence of metallic implants, to be used for whole-body attenuation correction in integrated PET/MR scanners. The Graphics Processing Unit implementation of the algorithm will be included in the open-source reconstruction toolbox Occiput.io. ER -