TY - JOUR T1 - A Prototype High-Resolution Small-Animal PET Scanner Dedicated to Mouse Brain Imaging JF - Journal of Nuclear Medicine JO - J Nucl Med SP - 1130 LP - 1135 DO - 10.2967/jnumed.115.165886 VL - 57 IS - 7 AU - Yongfeng Yang AU - Julien Bec AU - Jian Zhou AU - Mengxi Zhang AU - Martin S. Judenhofer AU - Xiaowei Bai AU - Kun Di AU - Yibao Wu AU - Mercedes Rodriguez AU - Purushottam Dokhale AU - Kanai S. Shah AU - Richard Farrell AU - Jinyi Qi AU - Simon R. Cherry Y1 - 2016/07/01 UR - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/57/7/1130.abstract N2 - We developed a prototype small-animal PET scanner based on depth-encoding detectors using dual-ended readout of small scintillator elements to produce high and uniform spatial resolution suitable for imaging the mouse brain. Methods: The scanner consists of 16 tapered dual-ended-readout detectors arranged in a 61-mm-diameter ring. The axial field of view (FOV) is 7 mm, and the transaxial FOV is 30 mm. The scintillator arrays consist of 14 × 14 lutetium oxyorthosilicate elements, with a crystal size of 0.43 × 0.43 mm at the front end and 0.80 × 0.43 mm at the back end, and the crystal elements are 13 mm long. The arrays are read out by 8 × 8 mm and 13 × 8 mm position-sensitive avalanche photodiodes (PSAPDs) placed at opposite ends of the array. Standard nuclear-instrumentation-module electronics and a custom-designed multiplexer are used for signal processing. Results: The detector performance was measured, and all but the crystals at the very edge could be clearly resolved. The average intrinsic spatial resolution in the axial direction was 0.61 mm. A depth-of-interaction resolution of 1.7 mm was achieved. The sensitivity of the scanner at the center of the FOV was 1.02% for a lower energy threshold of 150 keV and 0.68% for a lower energy threshold of 250 keV. The spatial resolution within a FOV that can accommodate the entire mouse brain was approximately 0.6 mm using a 3-dimensional maximum-likelihood expectation maximization reconstruction. Images of a hot-rod microphantom showed that rods with a diameter of as low as 0.5 mm could be resolved. The first in vivo studies were performed using 18F-fluoride and confirmed that a 0.6-mm resolution can be achieved in the mouse head in vivo. Brain imaging studies with 18F-FDG were also performed. Conclusion: We developed a prototype PET scanner that can achieve a spatial resolution approaching the physical limits of a small-bore PET scanner set by positron range and detector interaction. We plan to add more detector rings to extend the axial FOV of the scanner and increase sensitivity. ER -