PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Emily B. Ehlerding AU - Christopher G. England AU - Douglas G. McNeel AU - Weibo Cai TI - Molecular Imaging of Immunotherapy Targets in Cancer AID - 10.2967/jnumed.116.177493 DP - 2016 Oct 01 TA - Journal of Nuclear Medicine PG - 1487--1492 VI - 57 IP - 10 4099 - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/57/10/1487.short 4100 - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/57/10/1487.full SO - J Nucl Med2016 Oct 01; 57 AB - Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative in the arsenal against cancer by harnessing the power of the immune system to specifically target malignant tissues. As the field of immunotherapy continues to expand, researchers will require newer methods for studying the interactions between the immune system, tumor cells, and immunotherapy agents. Recently, several noninvasive imaging strategies have been used to map the biodistribution of immune checkpoint molecules, monitor the efficacy and potential toxicities of the treatments, and identify patients who are likely to benefit from immunotherapies. In this review, we outline the current applications of noninvasive techniques for the preclinical imaging of immunotherapy targets and suggest future pathways for molecular imaging to contribute to this developing field.