TY - JOUR T1 - A Standardized Light-Emitting Diode Device for Photoimmunotherapy JF - Journal of Nuclear Medicine JO - J Nucl Med SP - 1893 LP - 1898 DO - 10.2967/jnumed.114.142299 VL - 55 IS - 11 AU - Esther de Boer AU - Jason M. Warram AU - Elmire Hartmans AU - Peter J. Bremer AU - Ben Bijl AU - Lucia M.A. Crane AU - Wouter B. Nagengast AU - Eben L. Rosenthal AU - Gooitzen M. van Dam Y1 - 2014/11/01 UR - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/55/11/1893.abstract N2 - Antibody-based photodynamic therapy—photoimmunotherapy (PIT)—is an ideal modality to improve cancer treatment because of its selective and tumor-specific mode of therapy. Because the use of PIT for cancer treatment is continuing to be described, there is great need to characterize a standardized light source for PIT application. In this work, we designed and manufactured a light-emitting diode (LED)/PIT device and validated the technical feasibility, applicability, safety, and consistency of the system for cancer treatment. Methods: To outline the characteristics and photobiologic safety of the LED device, multiple optical measurements were performed in accordance with a photobiologic safety standard. A luciferase-transfected breast cancer cell line (2LMP-Luc) in combination with panitumumab-IRDye 700DX (pan-IR700) was used to validate the in vitro and in vivo performance of our LED device. Results: Testing revealed the light source to be safe, easy to use, and independent of illumination and power output (mW cm−2) variations over time. For in vitro studies, an LED dose (2, 4, 6 J cm−2)–dependent cytotoxicity was observed using propidium iodide exclusion and annexin V staining. Dose-dependent blebbing was also observed during microscopic analysis. Bioluminescence signals of tumors treated with 0.3 mg of pan-IR700 and 50 J cm−2 decreased significantly (>80%) compared with signals of contralateral nontreated sites at 4 h and at 1 d after PIT. Conclusion: To our knowledge, a normalized and standardized LED device has not been explicitly described or developed. In this article, we introduce a standardized light source and validate its usability for PIT applications. ER -