PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Chuang, Kuo-Hsiang
AU  - Wang, Hsin-Ell
AU  - Cheng, Ta-Chun
AU  - Tzou, Shey-Cherng
AU  - Tseng, Wei-Lung
AU  - Hung, Wen-Chun
AU  - Tai, Ming-Hong
AU  - Chang, Tien-Kuei
AU  - Roffler, Steve R.
AU  - Cheng, Tian-Lu
TI  - Development of a Universal Anti–Polyethylene Glycol Reporter Gene for Noninvasive Imaging of PEGylated Probes
AID  - 10.2967/jnumed.109.071977
DP  - 2010 Jun 01
TA  - Journal of Nuclear Medicine
PG  - 933--941
VI  - 51
IP  - 6
4099  - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/51/6/933.short
4100  - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/51/6/933.full
SO  - J Nucl Med2010 Jun 01; 51
AB  - A reporter gene can provide important information regarding the specificity and efficacy of gene or cell therapies. Although reporter genes are increasingly used in experimental and clinical studies, a highly specific yet nonimmunogenic reporter that can track genes and cells in vivo by multiple imaging technologies still awaits development. In this study, we constructed a versatile and nonimmunogenic reporter gene to noninvasively image gene expression or cell delivery by optical imaging, MRI, and small-animal PET. Methods: We cloned and expressed a membrane-anchored anti–polyethylene glycol (PEG) reporter that consists of the Fab fragment of a mouse anti-PEG monoclonal antibody, AGP3, fused to the C-like extracellular-transmembrane-cytosolic domains of the mouse B7-1 receptor. Binding of PEGylated probes (PEG-NIR797 for optical imaging, PEG–superparamagnetic iron oxide for MRI, and 124I-PEG for small-animal PET) were examined in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we compared the specificity, immunogenicity, and probe toxicity of the anti-PEG reporter with the gold standard reporter gene, type 1 herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk). Finally, we derived a humanized anti-PEG reporter and evaluated its imaging function in vivo with subcutaneous and metastatic tumor models in mice. Results: The cells or tumors that stably expressed anti-PEG reporters selectively accumulated various PEGylated imaging probes and could be detected by optical imaging, MRI, and small-animal PET. Importantly, the anti-PEG reporter displayed an imaging specificity comparable to the HSV-tk reporter but did not provoke immune responses or cause toxicity to the host. Furthermore, the humanized anti-PEG reporter retained high imaging specificity in vivo. Conclusion: The highly specific and nonimmunogenic anti-PEG reporter may be paired with PEGylated probes to provide a valuable system to image gene expression or cell delivery in experimental and clinical studies.