TY - JOUR T1 - Visualization of Tumor Blockage and Rerouting of Lymphatic Drainage in Penile Cancer Patients by Use of SPECT/CT JF - Journal of Nuclear Medicine JO - J Nucl Med SP - 364 LP - 367 DO - 10.2967/jnumed.108.059733 VL - 50 IS - 3 AU - Joost A.P. Leijte AU - Iris M.C. van der Ploeg AU - Renato A. Valdés Olmos AU - Omgo E. Nieweg AU - Simon Horenblas Y1 - 2009/03/01 UR - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/50/3/364.abstract N2 - The reliability of sentinel node biopsy is dependent on the accurate visualization and identification of the sentinel node(s). It has been suggested that extensive metastatic involvement of a sentinel node can lead to blocked inflow and rerouting of lymph fluid to a “neo–sentinel node” that may not yet contain tumor cells, causing a false-negative result. However, there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. Recently introduced hybrid SPECT/CT scanners provide both tomographic lymphoscintigraphy and anatomic detail. Such a scanner enabled the present study of the concept of tumor blockage and rerouting of lymphatic drainage in patients with palpable groin metastases. Methods: Seventeen patients with unilateral palpable and cytologically proven metastases in the groin underwent bilateral conventional lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT before sentinel node biopsy of the contralateral groin. The pattern of lymphatic drainage in the 17 palpable groin metastases was evaluated for signs of tumor blockage or rerouting. Results: On the CT images, the palpable node metastases could be identified in all 17 groins. Four of the 17 palpable node metastases (24%) showed uptake of radioactivity on the SPECT/CT images. In 10 groins, rerouting of lymphatic drainage to a neo–sentinel node was seen; one neo–sentinel node was located in the contralateral groin. A complete absence of lymphatic drainage was seen in the remaining 3 groins. Conclusion: The concept of tumor blockage and rerouting was visualized in 76% of the groins with palpable metastases. Precise physical examination and preoperative ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration cytology may identify nodes with considerable tumor invasion at an earlier stage and thereby reduce the incidence of false-negative results. ER -