@article {Brepoels1102, author = {Lieselot Brepoels and Sigrid Stroobants and Gregor Verhoef and Tjibbe De Groot and Luc Mortelmans and Christiane De Wolf-Peeters}, title = {18F-FDG and 18F-FLT Uptake Early After Cyclophosphamide and mTOR Inhibition in an Experimental Lymphoma Model}, volume = {50}, number = {7}, pages = {1102--1109}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.2967/jnumed.109.062208}, publisher = {Society of Nuclear Medicine}, abstract = {To be a reliable predictor of response, tracer uptake should reflect changes in the amount of active tumor cells. However, uptake of 18F-FDG, the most commonly used PET tracer, is disturbed by the inflammatory cells that appear early after cytotoxic therapy. The first aim of this study was to investigate whether 3'-18F-fluoro-3'-deoxy-l-thymidine (18F-FLT), a marker of cellular proliferation, is a better tracer for response assessment early after cytotoxic therapy. A second objective of this study was to investigate whether 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT responses were comparable early after mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition, as an example of proliferation-targeting therapies. Methods: Severe combined immunodeficient mice were subcutaneously inoculated with Granta-519 cells, a human cell line derived from a leukemic mantle cell lymphoma. Half the mice were treated with cyclophosphamide and the other half with mTOR inhibition. 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT uptake was evaluated by small-animal PET on day 0 (D0; before treatment), D+1, D+2, D+4, D+7, D+9, D+11, and D+14. At each time point, 2 mice of each treatment condition were sacrificed, and tumors were excised for histopathology. Results: After cyclophosphamide, 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT uptake decreased, with a maximum reduction of -29\% for 18F-FDG and -25\% for 18F-FLT uptake at D+2, compared with baseline. Although 18F-FDG uptake increased from D+4 on, with a maximum on D+7, 18F-FLT uptake remained virtually stable. Histology showed an increase in apoptotic or necrotic tumor fraction, followed by an influx of inflammatory cells. In mTOR-inhibited mice, 18F-FDG uptake dropped until D+2 after therapy (-43\%) but increased at D+4 (-27\%) to form a plateau on D+7 and D+9 (-14\% and -16\%, respectively). Concurrently, 18F-FLT uptake decreased to -31\% on D+2, followed by an increase with a peak value of +12\% on D+7, after which 18F-FLT uptake decreased again. Cyclin D1 expression dropped from D+1 until D+4 and returned to baseline at D+7. Conclusion: Because 18F-FLT uptake is not significantly influenced by the temporary rise in inflammatory cells early after cyclophosphamide, it more accurately reflects tumor response. However, a formerly unknown temporary rise in 18F-FLT uptake a few days after the administration of mTOR inhibition was defined, which makes it clear that drug-specific responses have to be considered when using PET for early treatment monitoring.}, issn = {0161-5505}, URL = {https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/50/7/1102}, eprint = {https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/50/7/1102.full.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine} }