TY - JOUR T1 - Radiopharmaceuticals for Nuclear Cardiology: Radiation Dosimetry, Uncertainties, and Risk JF - Journal of Nuclear Medicine JO - J Nucl Med SP - 1555 LP - 1563 DO - 10.2967/jnumed.108.052241 VL - 49 IS - 9 AU - Michael G. Stabin Y1 - 2008/09/01 UR - http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/49/9/1555.abstract N2 - The technical basis for the dose estimates for several radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear cardiology is reviewed, and cases in which uncertainty has been encountered in the dosimetry of an agent are discussed. Also discussed is the issue of uncertainties in radiation dose estimates and how to compare the relative risks of studies. Methods: Radiation dose estimates (organ absorbed doses and effective doses) from different literature sources were directly compared. Typical values for administered activity per study were used to compare doses that are to be expected in clinical applications. Results: The effective doses for all agents varied from 2 to 15 mSv per study, with the lowest values being seen for 13N-NH3 and 15O-H2O studies and the highest values being seen for 201Tl-chloride studies. The effective doses for 99mTc- and 201Tl-labeled agents differed by about a factor of 2, a factor that is comparable to the uncertainty in individual values. This uncertainty results from the application of standard anthropomorphic and biokinetic models, presumably representative of the exposed population, to individual patients. Conclusion: Considerations such as diagnostic accuracy, ease of use, image quality, and patient comfort and convenience should generally dictate the choice of a radiopharmaceutical, with radiation dose being only a secondary or even tertiary consideration. Counseling of nuclear medicine patients who may be concerned about exposure should include a reasonable estimate of the median dose for the type of examination and administered activity of the radiopharmaceutical; in addition, it should be explained that the theoretic risks of the procedure are orders of magnitude lower than the actual benefits of the examination. Providing numeric estimates of risks from studies to individual patients is inappropriate, given the uncertainties in the dose estimates and the limited predictive power of current doseā€“risk models in the low-dose (i.e., diagnostic) range. ER -