Synthesis and Biologic Evaluation of a Novel ¹⁸F-Labeled Adnectin as a PET Radioligand for Imaging PD-L1 Expression

Abstract

The programmed death protein (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) play critical roles in a checkpoint pathway cancer cells exploit to evade the immune system. A same-day PET imaging agent for measuring PD-L1 status in primary and metastatic lesions could be important for optimizing drug therapy. Herein, we have evaluated the tumor targeting of an anti–PD-L1 adnectin after ¹⁸F-fluorine labeling. Methods: An anti–PD-L1 adnectin was labeled with ¹⁸F in 2 steps. This synthesis featured fluorination of a novel prosthetic group, followed by a copper-free click conjugation to a modified adnectin to generate ¹⁸F-BMS-986192. ¹⁸F-BMS-986192 was evaluated in tumors using in vitro autoradiography and PET with mice bearing bilateral PD-L1–negative (PD-L1(–)) and PD-L1–positive (PD-L1(+)) subcutaneous tumors. ¹⁸F-BMS-986192 was evaluated for distribution, binding, and radiation dosimetry in a healthy cynomolgus monkey. Results: ¹⁸F-BMS-986192 bound to human and cynomolgus PD-L1 with a dissociation constant of less than 35 pM, as measured by surface plasmon resonance. This adnectin was labeled with ¹⁸F to yield a PET radioligand for assessing PD-L1 expression in vivo. ¹⁸F-BMS-986192 bound to tumor tissues as a function of PD-L1 expression determined by immunohistochemistry. Radioligand binding was blocked in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo PET imaging clearly visualized PD-L1 expression in mice implanted with PD-L1(+), L2987 xenograft tumors. Two hours after dosing, a 3.5-fold-higher uptake (2.41 ± 0.29 vs. 0.82 ± 0.11 percentage injected dose per gram, P < 0.0001) was observed in L2987 than in control HT-29 (PD-L1(–)) tumors. Coadministration of 3 mg/kg ADX_5322_A02 anti–PD-L1 adnectin reduced tumor uptake at 2 h after injection by approximately 70%, whereas HT-29 uptake remained unchanged, demonstrating PD-L1–specific binding. Biodistribution in a nonhuman primate showed binding in the PD-L1–rich spleen, with rapid blood clearance through the kidneys and bladder. Binding in the PD-L1(+) spleen was reduced by coadministration of BMS-986192. Dosimetry estimates indicate that the kidney is the dose-limiting organ, with an estimated human absorbed dose of 2.20E–01 mSv/MBq. Conclusion: ¹⁸F-BMS-986192 demonstrated the feasibility of noninvasively imaging the PD-L1 status of tumors by small-animal PET studies. Clinical studies with ¹⁸F-BMS-986192 are under way to measure PD-L1 expression in human tumors.