Uncommon Causes of Thyrotoxicosis
Erik S. Mittra 1,
Ryan D. Niederkohr 1,
Cesar Rodriguez 1,
Tarek El-Maghraby 2,
and
I. Ross McDougall 1*
1 Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California
2 Nuclear Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Nuclear Medicine, Saad Specialist Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rossmcdougall{at}stanford.edu.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
Apart from the common causes of thyrotoxicosis, such as Graves' disease and functioning nodular goiters, there are more than 20 less common causes of elevated free thyroid hormones that produce the symptoms and signs of thyrotoxicosis. This review describes these rarer conditions and includes 14 illustrative patients. Thyrotropin and free thyroxine should be measured and, when the latter is normal, the free triiodothyronine level should be obtained. Measurement of the uptake of 123I is recommended for most patients.
Key Words:
thyrotoxicosis, Graves' disease, thyroiditis, thyroid hormones
