| Demonstrable abnormality |
Clinical entity |
Associated disorder |
|
| 1. Esophageal dysmotility |
|
|
| Category 1: Well-defined entities |
|
|
| 1.1.1 Excessive acid exposure |
GERD |
Scleroderma, diabetes mellitus |
| 1.1.2 Manometric pattern of achalasia |
Achalasia |
Chagas’ disease, enteric neuropathy |
| 1.1.3 Spastic manometric pattern |
Esophageal spasm |
Diabetes mellitus, enteric neuropathy |
| Category 2: Entities with variable dysfunction-symptom relationship |
|
|
| 1.2.1 High-amplitude peristalsis |
Nutcracker esophagus |
Enteric neuropathy |
| 1.2.2Low-amplitude peristalsis Failed peristalsis Low-amplitude simultaneous contractions |
Ineffective esophageal motility |
Scleroderma, enteric myopathy, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, GERD |
| 1.2.3 Low LES pressure |
Hypotensive LES |
Scleroderma, diabetes mellitus, GERD |
| 1.2.4 Incomplete LES relaxation |
LES dysrelaxation |
After fundoplication |
| Category 3: Questionable entities |
|
|
| 1.3.1 High LES pressure |
Hypertensive LES |
|
| Category 4: Entities associated with behavioral disorders |
|
|
| 1.4.1 Forced regurgitation |
Rumination syndrome |
Anorexia nervosa (purging type), bulimia nervosa (purging type) |
| 1.4.2 Excessive air swallowing Excessive belching |
Aerophagia |
GERD |
| 2. Gastric dysmotility |
|
|
| Category 1: Well-defined entities |
|
|
| 2.1.1 Accelerated gastric emptying |
Dumping syndrome |
After resection dumping, or vagotomy dumping |
| Category 2: Entities with variable dysfunction-symptom relationship |
|
|
| 2.2.1 Delayed gastric emptying |
Gastroparesis |
GERD, diabetes mellitus, scleroderma, after vagotomy, enteric neuropathy, enteric myopathy, anorexia nervosa (restricting type) |
