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Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaque with ⁶⁴Cu-Labeled Natriuretic Peptide and PET

¹ Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; ² Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and ³ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland

Correspondence: For correspondence and reprints contact: Pamela K. Woodard, Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8131, St. Louis, MO 63110. E-mail: woodardp{at}mir.wustl.edu

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. PET has the potential to provide information on the biology and metabolism of atherosclerotic plaques. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) have potent antiproliferative and antimigratory effects on vascular smooth-muscle cells (VSMCs) and, in atherosclerosis, participate in vascular remodeling, in which the expression of NP clearance receptors (NPR-Cs) is upregulated both in endothelium and in VSMCs. Methods: We investigated the potential of a C-type atrial natriuretic factor (C-ANF) to image developing plaque-like lesions in vivo. C-ANF was functionalized with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with ⁶⁴Cu for noninvasive PET in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit with atherosclerotic-like lesions induced by air desiccation of a femoral artery, followed by balloon overstretch of the developing neointima. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess plaque development and NPR-C localization. Results: ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-C-ANF uptake in the atherosclerotic region was visible on small-animal PET images, with the highest target-to-background ratio (3.59 ± 0.94) observed after the air desiccation–induced injury. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining showed NPR-C near the luminal surface of the plaque and in VSMCs. PET and immunohistochemistry competitive blocking studies confirmed receptor-mediated tracer uptake in the plaque. With blocking, PET tracer localization of atherosclerotic to control arteries was decreased from 1.42 ± 0.02 to 1.06 ± 0.06 (P < 0.001). Conclusion: We demonstrated that ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-C-ANF is a promising candidate tracer for in vivo PET of NPR-Cs on atherosclerotic plaques.

Key Words: atherosclerosis • PET • natriuretic peptide • vascular targeting

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JNM 2010 51: 9A-10A. [Full Text]