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Visualization of Tumor Blockage and Rerouting of Lymphatic Drainage in Penile Cancer Patients by Use of SPECT/CT

¹ Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ² Department of Surgical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and ³ Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Correspondence: For correspondence or reprints contact: Prof. Simon Horenblas, Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: s.horenblas{at}nki.nl

The reliability of sentinel node biopsy is dependent on the accurate visualization and identification of the sentinel node(s). It has been suggested that extensive metastatic involvement of a sentinel node can lead to blocked inflow and rerouting of lymph fluid to a "neo–sentinel node" that may not yet contain tumor cells, causing a false-negative result. However, there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. Recently introduced hybrid SPECT/CT scanners provide both tomographic lymphoscintigraphy and anatomic detail. Such a scanner enabled the present study of the concept of tumor blockage and rerouting of lymphatic drainage in patients with palpable groin metastases. Methods: Seventeen patients with unilateral palpable and cytologically proven metastases in the groin underwent bilateral conventional lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT before sentinel node biopsy of the contralateral groin. The pattern of lymphatic drainage in the 17 palpable groin metastases was evaluated for signs of tumor blockage or rerouting. Results: On the CT images, the palpable node metastases could be identified in all 17 groins. Four of the 17 palpable node metastases (24%) showed uptake of radioactivity on the SPECT/CT images. In 10 groins, rerouting of lymphatic drainage to a neo–sentinel node was seen; one neo–sentinel node was located in the contralateral groin. A complete absence of lymphatic drainage was seen in the remaining 3 groins. Conclusion: The concept of tumor blockage and rerouting was visualized in 76% of the groins with palpable metastases. Precise physical examination and preoperative ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration cytology may identify nodes with considerable tumor invasion at an earlier stage and thereby reduce the incidence of false-negative results.

Key Words: tumor blockage • lymphatic drainage • penile cancer • SPECT/CT • sentinel node biopsy

COPYRIGHT © 2009 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine, Inc.

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