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First published online January 16, 2008, 10.2967/jnumed.107.041202
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Journal of Nuclear Medicine Vol. 49 No. 2 265-278
© 2008 by Society of Nuclear Medicine
doi: 10.2967/jnumed.107.041202

Continuing Education

Uncommon Causes of Thyrotoxicosis*

Erik S. Mittra1, Ryan D. Niederkohr1, Cesar Rodriguez1, Tarek El-Maghraby2,3 and I. Ross McDougall1

1 Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California; 2 Nuclear Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; and 3 Nuclear Medicine, Saad Specialist Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence: For correspondence or reprints contact: I. Ross McDougall, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, 300 Pasteur Dr., Room H-0101, Stanford, CA 94305-5281. E-mail: rossmcdougall{at}stanford.edu

Apart from the common causes of thyrotoxicosis, such as Graves' disease and functioning nodular goiters, there are more than 20 less common causes of elevated free thyroid hormones that produce the symptoms and signs of thyrotoxicosis. This review describes these rarer conditions and includes 14 illustrative patients. Thyrotropin and free thyroxine should be measured and, when the latter is normal, the free triiodothyronine level should be obtained. Measurement of the uptake of 123I is recommended for most patients.

Key Words: thyrotoxicosis • Graves' disease • thyroiditis • thyroid hormones

* NOTE: FOR CE CREDIT, YOU CAN ACCESS THIS ACTIVITY THROUGH THE SNM WEB SITE (http://www.snm.org/ce_online) THROUGH FEBRUARY 2009.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

COPYRIGHT © 2008 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine, Inc.


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