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Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis: Comparison of Peptide and Polymer-Peptide Conjugates

¹ Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
² Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
³ Center for Nanomedicine and Cellular Delivery, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
⁴ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland

Endothelial cells in tumor angiogenesis are highly accessible, genetically stable and present unique molecular markers for targeted therapy. Neoplasia is also characterized by enhanced vascular permeability and disordered lymphatics so that both active and passive targeting strategies may play a role in localizing angiogenesis-targeted agents. To investigate the relative importance of these targeting strategies, the tissue biodistribution of both endothelial-specific and nonspecific peptides and their macromolecular peptide-copolymer conjugates were studied in 2 xenograft models of prostate cancer. Tumor-to-normal tissue background ratios (T/B) of these constructs were compared to evaluate the effect of molecular size on blood clearance and nonspecific vascular permeability. Methods: Water-soluble N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers were synthesized with side chains terminated in a doubly cyclized Arg-Gly-Asp motif KACDCRGDCFCG (RGD4C: active peptide targeting the _Vß₃ integrin) and KACDCRGECFCG (RGE4C: nonactive peptide). The bioactivity of the polymer conjugates and free peptides was characterized in vitro by endothelial cell adhesion assay. The ^99mTc(CO)₃-labeled compounds were injected into SCID mice bearing DU145 or PC-3 prostate tumor xenografts for scintigraphic imaging and necropsy organ counting. Results: HPMA copolymer-RGD4C conjugates showed similar inhibition of cell adhesion as free RGD4C attached to ^99mTc(CO)₃ chelator N--bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-L-lysine (RGD4C-DPK) and were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than RGE4C, HPMA copolymer-RGE4C, and a hydrolyzed HPMA copolymer precursor. Scintigraphic images obtained at 24 h showed specific tumor localization of HPMA copolymer-RGD4C and RGD4C compared with RGE4C conjugates in both prostate tumor models. Twenty-four–hour necropsy data in the DU145 model showed significantly higher (P < 0.001) tumor localization for HPMA copolymer-RGD4C (4.60 ± 1.80 %ID/g [percentage injected dose per gram tissue]) and RGD4C-DPK (3.37 ± 0.32 %ID/g) compared with HPMA copolymer-RGE4C (1.24 ± 0.15 %ID/g) and RGE4C-DPK (0.32 ± 0.04 %ID/g). Similar results were observed in the PC-3 model. Moreover, higher T/B for the polymer conjugates indicated reduced extravasation of the targeted polymeric conjugates in normal tissues. Conclusion: Specific molecular targeting of the _vß₃ integrin and nonspecific vascular permeability are both significant in the relative tumor localization of polymeric conjugates of RGD4C. Extravascular leak in nonspecific organs appears to be a major factor in reducing the T/B for the peptide molecules.

Key Words: angiogenesis • HPMA copolymers • RGD peptides • targeted delivery • biodistribution

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Molecular Targeting with Peptides or Peptide-Polymer Conjugates: Just a Question of Size?

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