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Quantitative Dynamic Cardiac ⁸²Rb PET Using Generalized Factor and Compartment Analyses

¹ Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
² Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California

We have addressed 2 major challenges of ⁸²Rb cardiac PET, noninvasive estimation of an accurate input function and absolute quantitation of myocardial perfusion, using a generalized form of least-squares factor analysis of dynamic sequences (GFADS) and a novel compartment analysis approach. Methods: Left and right ventricular (LV+RV) time–activity curves (TACs) were generated from 10 rest/stress studies, and 30 myocardial TACs were modeled to cover a range of clinical values. Two-dimensional PET Monte Carlo simulations of the LV, RV, myocardium, and other organs were generated separately and combined using the above TACs to form 30 realistic dynamic ⁸²Rb studies. LV and RV TACs were estimated by GFADS and used as input to a 2-compartment kinetic analysis that estimates parametric maps of myocardial tissue extraction (k₁) and egress (k₂), as well as LV+RV contributions (f_v, r_v), by orthogonal voxel grouping. In addition, 13 patients were injected with 2.22 ± 0.19 GBq (60 ± 5 mCi) of ⁸²Rb and imaged dynamically for 6 min at rest and during dipyridamole stress. Results: In Monte Carlo simulations, GFADS yielded estimates of the 3 factors and corresponding factor images, with average errors of –4.2% ± 6.3%, 3.5% ± 4.3%, and 2.0% ± 5.5% in the LV, RV, and myocardial factor estimates, respectively. The estimates were significantly more accurate and robust to noise than those obtained using TACs based on manually drawn volumes of interest (P < 0.01). The 2-compartment approach yielded accurate k₁, k₂, f_v, and r_v parametric maps; the average error of estimates of k₁ was 6.8% ± 3.6%. In all patient studies, our approach yielded robust estimates of k₁, k₂, f_v, and r_v, which correlated very well with the status of the subject and the catheterization results. Conclusion: Quantitative dynamic ⁸²Rb PET using generalized factor analysis of dynamic sequences and compartmental modeling yields estimates of parameters of absolute myocardial perfusion and kinetics with errors of <9%.

Key Words: quantitative ⁸²Rb cardiac PET • factor analysis of dynamic sequences • compartment analysis

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