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Basic Science Investigations |
1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
2 Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
3 Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
4 Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
99mTc-Annexin V is used to image cell death in vivo via high-affinity binding to exposed phosphatidylserine. We investigated how changes in membrane-binding affinity, molecular charge, and method of labeling affected its biodistribution in normal mice and its uptake in apoptotic tissues. Methods: An endogenous Tc chelation site (Ala-Gly-Gly-Cys-Gly-His) was added to the N-terminus of annexin V to create annexin V-128. The membrane-binding affinity of annexin V-128 was then progressively reduced by 1–4 mutations in calcium-binding sites. In addition, mutations were made in other residues that altered molecular charge without altering membrane-binding affinity. All mutant proteins were labeled with 99mTc at the same N-terminal endogenous chelation site. Wild-type annexin V was also labeled with 99mTc after derivatization with hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC). Radiolabeled proteins were tested for biodistribution in normal mice and in mice treated to induce apoptosis of the liver. Results: Comparison of 99mTc-annexin V-128 with 99mTc-HYNIC-annexin V showed that the protein labeled at the endogenous chelation site had the same or higher uptake in apoptotic tissues, while showing 88% lower renal uptake at 60 min after injection. The blood clearance of annexin V was unaffected by changes in either the membrane-binding affinity or the molecular charge. Kidney uptake was unaffected by changes in binding affinity. In marked contrast, uptake in normal liver and spleen decreased markedly as affinity decreased. The same pattern was observed in animals treated with cycloheximide to induce apoptosis. Control experiments with charge mutants showed that the effects seen with the affinity mutants were not due to the concomitant change in molecular charge that occurs in these mutants. Conclusion: (a) All four domains of annexin V are required for optimal uptake in apoptotic tissues; molecules with only 1 or 2 active domains are unlikely to be suitable for imaging of cell death in vivo. (b) Uptake in normal liver and spleen is specific (dependent on phosphatidylserine-binding affinity), whereas renal uptake is nonspecific. (c) 99mTc-Annexin V-128 detects cell death as well as 99mTc-HYNIC-annexin V, while showing 88% less renal retention of radioactivity due to much more rapid urinary excretion of radioactivity.
Key Words: annexin V • apoptosis • biodistribution • site-specific mutagenesis • phosphatidylserine
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