HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Fox, P. T. Articles by Mintun, M. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Fox, P. T. Articles by Mintun, M. A.

Noninvasive Functional Brain Mapping by Change-Distribution Analysis of Averaged PET Images of H₂¹⁵O Tissue Activity

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Neurology), The Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, The McDonnell Center for Studies of Higher Brain Function, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri

Correspondence: For reprints contact: Peter T. Fox, MD, Div. of Radiation Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110.

ABSTRACT

Change-distribution analysis and intersubject averaging of subtracted positron emission tomography (PET) images are new techniques for detecting, localizing, and quantifying state-dependent focal transients in neuronal activity. We previously described their application to cerebral blood flow images (intravenous bolus H₂¹⁵O, Kety autoradiographic model). We now describe their application to images of H₂¹⁵O regional tissue activity without conversion to units of blood flow. The sensitivity and specificity of response detection and the accuracy of response localization were virtually identical for the two types of images. Response magnitude expressed in percent change from rest was slightly, but consistently smaller in tissue-activity images. Response magnitude expressed in z-score was the same for the two-image types. Most research and clinical applications of functional brain mapping can employ images of H₂¹⁵O tissue activity (intravenous bolus, 40-sec nondynamic scan) without conversion to units of blood flow. This eliminates arterial blood sampling, thereby simplifying and minimizing the invasivity of the PET procedure.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. L. Chen, D. B. Rosenbluth, M. A. Mintun, and D. P. Schuster FDG-PET imaging of pulmonary inflammation in healthy volunteers after airway instillation of endotoxin J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2006; 100(5): 1602 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Vlassenko, M. M. Rundle, M. E. Raichle, and M. A. Mintun Regulation of blood flow in activated human brain by cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio PNAS, February 7, 2006; 103(6): 1964 - 1969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. F. Egan, J. Johnson, M. Farrell, R. McAllen, F. Zamarripa, M. J. McKinley, J. Lancaster, D. Denton, and P. T. Fox Cortical, thalamic, and hypothalamic responses to cooling and warming the skin in awake humans: A positron-emission tomography study PNAS, April 5, 2005; 102(14): 5262 - 5267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Stern, C. Habeck, J. Moeller, N. Scarmeas, K. E. Anderson, H. J. Hilton, J. Flynn, H. Sackeim, and R. van Heertum Brain Networks Associated with Cognitive Reserve in Healthy Young and Old Adults Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2005; 15(4): 394 - 402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. C. M. Wong, L. M. Parsons, M. Martinez, and R. L. Diehl The Role of the Insular Cortex in Pitch Pattern Perception: The Effect of Linguistic Contexts J. Neurosci., October 13, 2004; 24(41): 9153 - 9160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Mintun, A. G. Vlassenko, M. M. Rundle, and M. E. Raichle Increased lactate/pyruvate ratio augments blood flow in physiologically activated human brain PNAS, January 13, 2004; 101(2): 659 - 664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. R. Siebner, S. R. Filipovic, J. B. Rowe, C. Cordivari, W. Gerschlager, J. C. Rothwell, R. S. J. Frackowiak, and K. P. Bhatia Patients with focal arm dystonia have increased sensitivity to slow-frequency repetitive TMS of the dorsal premotor cortex Brain, December 1, 2003; 126(12): 2710 - 2725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Naito, I. Tateya, S. Hirano, M. Inoue, K. Funabiki, H. Toyoda, M. Ueno, K. Ishizu, Y. Nagahama, H. Fukuyama, et al. Cortical correlates of vestibulo-ocular reflex modulation: a PET study Brain, July 1, 2003; 126(7): 1562 - 1578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Liotti, L.O. Ramig, D. Vogel, P. New, C.I. Cook, R.J. Ingham, J.C. Ingham, and P.T. Fox Hypophonia in Parkinson's disease: Neural correlates of voice treatment revealed by PET Neurology, February 11, 2003; 60(3): 432 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Black, T. Hershey, J. M. Koller, T. O. Videen, M. A. Mintun, J. L. Price, and J. S. Perlmutter A possible substrate for dopamine-related changes in mood and behavior: Prefrontal and limbic effects of a D3-preferring dopamine agonist PNAS, December 24, 2002; 99(26): 17113 - 17118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Liotti, H. S. Mayberg, S. McGinnis, S. L. Brannan, and P. Jerabek Unmasking Disease-Specific Cerebral Blood Flow Abnormalities: Mood Challenge in Patients With Remitted Unipolar Depression Am J Psychiatry, November 1, 2002; 159(11): 1830 - 1840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. S. Mayberg, J. A. Silva, S. K. Brannan, J. L. Tekell, R. K. Mahurin, S. McGinnis, and P. A. Jerabek The Functional Neuroanatomy of the Placebo Effect Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2002; 159(5): 728 - 737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Naito, T. Kochiyama, R. Kitada, S. Nakamura, M. Matsumura, Y. Yonekura, and N. Sadato Internally Simulated Movement Sensations during Motor Imagery Activate Cortical Motor Areas and the Cerebellum J. Neurosci., May 1, 2002; 22(9): 3683 - 3691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Macaluso, C.D. Frith, and J. Driver Directing Attention to Locations and to Sensory Modalities: Multiple Levels of Selective Processing revealed with PET Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2002; 12(4): 357 - 368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. R. Siebner, C. Limmer, A. Peinemann, A. Drzezga, B. R. Bloem, M. Schwaiger, and B. Conrad Long-Term Consequences of Switching Handedness: A Positron Emission Tomography Study on Handwriting in "Converted" Left-Handers J. Neurosci., April 1, 2002; 22(7): 2816 - 2825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Nunneley, C. C. Martin, J. W. Slauson, C. M. Hearon, L. D. H. Nickerson, and P. A. Mason Changes in regional cerebral metabolism during systemic hyperthermia in humans J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2002; 92(2): 846 - 851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Parsons and D. Osherson New Evidence for Distinct Right and Left Brain Systems for Deductive versus Probabilistic Reasoning Cereb Cortex, October 1, 2001; 11(10): 954 - 965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. L. Roskies, J. A. Fiez, D. A. Balota, M. E. Raichle, and S. E. Petersen Task-Dependent Modulation of Regions in the Left Inferior Frontal Cortex During Semantic Processing J. Cogn. Neurosci., August 1, 2001; 13(6): 829 - 843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. K. Hofbauer, P. Rainville, G. H. Duncan, and M. C. Bushnell Cortical Representation of the Sensory Dimension of Pain J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2001; 86(1): 402 - 411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Okazawa and M. Vafaee Effect of Vascular Radioactivity on Regional Values of Cerebral Blood Flow: Evaluation of Methods for H215O PET to Distinguish Cerebral Perfusion from Blood Volume J. Nucl. Med., July 1, 2001; 42(7): 1032 - 1039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Brannan, M. Liotti, G. Egan, R. Shade, L. Madden, R. Robillard, B. Abplanalp, K. Stofer, D. Denton, and P. T. Fox Neuroimaging of cerebral activations and deactivations associated with hypercapnia and hunger for air PNAS, February 13, 2001; 98(4): 2029 - 2034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Liotti, S. Brannan, G. Egan, R. Shade, L. Madden, B. Abplanalp, R. Robillard, J. Lancaster, F. E. Zamarripa, P. T. Fox, et al. Brain responses associated with consciousness of breathlessness (air hunger) PNAS, February 13, 2001; 98(4): 2035 - 2040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Simpson Jr., W. C. Drevets, A. Z. Snyder, D. A. Gusnard, and M. E. Raichle Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: II. During anticipatory anxiety PNAS, January 16, 2001; 98(2): 688 - 693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. J. Rosen, S. E. Petersen, M.R. Linenweber, A. Z. Snyder, D.A. White, L. Chapman, A.W. Dromerick, J. A. Fiez, and a. M. Corbetta Neural correlates of recovery from aphasia after damage to left inferior frontal cortex Neurology, December 26, 2000; 55(12): 1883 - 1894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. T. Fox, R. J. Ingham, J. C. Ingham, F. Zamarripa, J.-H. Xiong, and J. L. Lancaster Brain correlates of stuttering and syllable production: A PET performance-correlation analysis Brain, October 1, 2000; 123(10): 1985 - 2004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. McCrory, U. Frith, N. Brunswick, and C. Price Abnormal Functional Activation During a Simple Word Repetition Task: A PET Study of Adult Dyslexics J. Cogn. Neurosci., September 1, 2000; 12(5): 753 - 762. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Larsen, C. Bundesen, S. Kyllingsbæk, O. B. Paulson, and I. Law Brain Activation During Mental Transformation of Size J. Cogn. Neurosci., September 1, 2000; 12(5): 763 - 774. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				V. Megalooikonomou, J. Ford, L. Shen, F. Makedon, and A. Saykin Data mining in brain imaging Statistical Methods in Medical Research, August 1, 2000; 9(4): 359 - 394. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. J. Black, T. Hershey, M. H. Gado, and J. S. Perlmutter Dopamine D1 Agonist Activates Temporal Lobe Structures in Primates J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2000; 84(1): 549 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Oohashi, E. Nishina, M. Honda, Y. Yonekura, Y. Fuwamoto, N. Kawai, T. Maekawa, S. Nakamura, H. Fukuyama, and H. Shibasaki Inaudible High-Frequency Sounds Affect Brain Activity: Hypersonic Effect J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2000; 83(6): 3548 - 3558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Macaluso, C. Frith, and J. Driver Selective Spatial Attention in Vision and Touch: Unimodal and Multimodal Mechanisms Revealed by PET J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2000; 83(5): 3062 - 3075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Nour, C. Svarer, J. K. I. Kristensen, O. B. Paulson, and I. Law Cerebral activation during micturition in normal men Brain, April 1, 2000; 123(4): 781 - 789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Remy, M. Zilbovicius, P. Cesaro, P. Amarenco, J.-D. Degos, and Y. Samson Primary Somatosensory Cortex Activation Is Not Altered in Patients With Ventroposterior Thalamic Lesions : A PET Study Stroke, December 1, 1999; 30 (12): 2651 - 2658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Gerlach, I. Law, A. Gade, and O. B. Paulson Perceptual differentiation and category effects in normal object recognition: A PET study Brain, November 1, 1999; 122(11): 2159 - 2170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Brunswick, E. McCrory, C. J. Price, C. D. Frith, and U. Frith Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics: A search for Wernicke's Wortschatz? Brain, October 1, 1999; 122(10): 1901 - 1917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Mima, N. Sadato, S. Yazawa, T. Hanakawa, H. Fukuyama, Y. Yonekura, and H. Shibasaki Brain structures related to active and passive finger movements in man Brain, October 1, 1999; 122(10): 1989 - 1997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Musso, C. Weiller, S. Kiebel, S. P. Muller, P. Bulau, and M. Rijntjes Training-induced brain plasticity in aphasia Brain, September 1, 1999; 122(9): 1781 - 1790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Ibanez, N. Sadato, B. Karp, M.-P. Deiber, and M. Hallett Deficient activation of the motor cortical network in patients with writer's cramp Neurology, July 1, 1999; 53(1): 96 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. S. Mayberg, M. Liotti, S. K. Brannan, S. McGinnis, R. K. Mahurin, P. A. Jerabek, J. A. Silva, J. L. Tekell, C. C. Martin, J. L. Lancaster, et al. Reciprocal Limbic-Cortical Function and Negative Mood: Converging PET Findings in Depression and Normal Sadness Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 1999; 156(5): 675 - 682. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. B. Wiseman, J. A. Sanchez, C. Buechel, M. A. Mintun, O. L. Lopez, D. Milko, and J. T. Becker Patterns of Relative Cerebral Blood Flow in Minor Cognitive Motor Disorder in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, May 1, 1999; 11(2): 222 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. Denton, R. Shade, F. Zamarippa, G. Egan, J. Blair-West, M. McKinley, and P. Fox Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow and change of plasma sodium concentration during genesis and satiation of thirst PNAS, March 2, 1999; 96(5): 2532 - 2537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Nowak, K. S. Olsen, I. Law, S. Holm, O. B. Paulson, and N. H. Secher Command-related distribution of regional cerebral blood flow during attempted handgrip J Appl Physiol, March 1, 1999; 86(3): 819 - 824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Catalan, K. Ishii, M. Honda, A. Samii, and M. Hallett A PET study of sequential finger movements of varying length in patients with Parkinson's disease Brain, March 1, 1999; 122(3): 483 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Warburton, C. J Price, K. Swinburn, and R. J S Wise Mechanisms of recovery from aphasia: evidence from positron emission tomography studies J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 1999; 66(2): 155 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Rainville, R. K. Hofbauer, G. H. Duncan, M. C. Bushnell, and D. D. Price Cerebral Mechanisms of Hypnotic Induction and Suggestion J. Cogn. Neurosci., January 1, 1999; 11(1): 110 - 125. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. H. Duncan, R. C. Kupers, S. Marchand, J.-G. Villemure, J. M. Gybels, and M. C. Bushnell Stimulation of Human Thalamus for Pain Relief: Possible Modulatory Circuits Revealed by Positron Emission Tomography J Neurophysiol, December 1, 1998; 80(6): 3326 - 3330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. van Mier, L. W. Tempel, J. S. Perlmutter, M. E. Raichle, and S. E. Petersen Changes in Brain Activity During Motor Learning Measured With PET: Effects of Hand of Performance and Practice J Neurophysiol, October 1, 1998; 80(4): 2177 - 2199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Pizzamiglio, D. Perani, S. F. Cappa, G. Vallar, S. Paolucci, F. Grassi, E. Paulesu, and F. Fazio Recovery of Neglect After Right Hemispheric Damage: H215O Positron Emission Tomographic Activation Study Arch Neurol, April 1, 1998; 55(4): 561 - 568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Sadato, Y. Yonekura, A. Waki, H. Yamada, and Y. Ishii Role of the Supplementary Motor Area and the Right Premotor Cortex in the Coordination of Bimanual Finger Movements J. Neurosci., December 15, 1997; 17(24): 9667 - 9674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Tsukada, T. Kakiuchi, I. Ando, and Y. Ouchi J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 1997; 281(3): 1408 - 1414. [Abstract]

				P. Maquet, C. Degueldre, G. Delfiore, J. Aerts, J.-M. Peters, A. Luxen, and G. Franck Functional Neuroanatomy of Human Slow Wave Sleep J. Neurosci., April 15, 1997; 17(8): 2807 - 2812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Buckner, M. E. Raichle, F. M. Miezin, and S. E. Petersen Functional Anatomic Studies of Memory Retrieval for Auditory Words and Visual Pictures J. Neurosci., October 1, 1996; 16(19): 6219 - 6235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. R. Fink, H. J. Markowitsch, M. Reinkemeier, T. Bruckbauer, J. Kessler, and W.-D. Heiss Cerebral Representation of One''s Own Past: Neural Networks Involved in Autobiographical Memory J. Neurosci., July 1, 1996; 16(13): 4275 - 4282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Talbot, S Marrett, A. Evans, E Meyer, M. Bushnell, and G. Duncan Multiple representations of pain in human cerebral cortex Science, March 15, 1991; 251(4999): 1355 - 1358. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Petersen, P. Fox, A. Snyder, and M. Raichle Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word-like stimuli Science, August 31, 1990; 249(4972): 1041 - 1044. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M Corbetta, F. Miezin, S Dobmeyer, G. Shulman, and S. Petersen Attentional modulation of neural processing of shape, color, and velocity in humans Science, June 22, 1990; 248(4962): 1556 - 1559. [Abstract] [PDF]