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The Journal of Nuclear Medicine Vol. 24 No. 9 790-798
© 1983 by Society of Nuclear Medicine
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Brain Blood Flow Measured with Intravenous H215O.

II. Implementation and Validation

M. E. Raichle, W. R. W. Martin, P. Herscovitch, M. A. Mintun and J. Markham

Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri

Correspondence: For reprints contact: M. E. Raichle, MD, Box 8131, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.

ABSTRACT

We have adapted the well-known tissue autoradiographic technique for the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), originally proposed by Kety and his colleagues, for the measurement of CBF in human subjects using positron emission tomography (PET) and intravenously administered oxygen-15-labeled water. This report describes the steps necessary for the implementation of this PET/autoradiographic technique. In order to establish the accuracy of the method, we measured CBF with intravenously administered oxygen-15-labeled water and PET in anesthetized adult baboons and compared the results with blood flow measured by a standard tracer technique that uses residue detection of a bolus of oxygen-15-labeled water injected into the internal carotid artery. The correlation between CBF measured with PET and the true CBF for the same cerebral hemisphere was excellent. Over a blood-flow range of 10–63 ml/(min·100 g), CBF (PET) = 0.90 CBF(true) + 0.40 (n = 23, r = 0.96, p < 0.001). When blood flow exceeds 65 ml/(min·100 g) CBF was progressively underestimated due to the known limitation of brain permeability to water.




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R Hilker, A Thiel, C Geisen, and J Rudolf
Cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in multi-infarct-dementia related to primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Lupus, May 1, 2000; 9(4): 311 - 316.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
G. A. O'Driscoll, C. Benkelfat, P. S. Florencio, A.-L. V. G. Wolff, R. Joober, S. Lal, and A. C. Evans
Neural Correlates of Eye Tracking Deficits in First-degree Relatives of Schizophrenic Patients: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Arch Gen Psychiatry, December 1, 1999; 56(12): 1127 - 1134.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
N. Kajimura, M. Uchiyama, Y. Takayama, S. Uchida, T. Uema, M. Kato, M. Sekimoto, T. Watanabe, T. Nakajima, S. Horikoshi, et al.
Activity of Midbrain Reticular Formation and Neocortex during the Progression of Human Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
J. Neurosci., November 15, 1999; 19(22): 10065 - 10073.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cereb CortexHome page
A. R. Halpern and R. J. Zatorre
When That Tune Runs Through Your Head: A PET Investigation of Auditory Imagery for Familiar Melodies
Cereb Cortex, October 1, 1999; 9(7): 697 - 704.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 StrokeHome page
H. Ito, T. Kinoshita, Y. Tamura, I. Yokoyama, and H. Iida
Effect of Intravenous Dipyridamole on Cerebral Blood Flow in Humans : A PET Study
Stroke, August 1, 1999; 30(8): 1616 - 1620.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
P. Fiset, T. Paus, T. Daloze, G. Plourde, P. Meuret, V. Bonhomme, N. Hajj-Ali, S. B. Backman, and A. C. Evans
Brain Mechanisms of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness in Humans: a Positron Emission Tomographic Study
J. Neurosci., July 1, 1999; 19(13): 5506 - 5513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BrainHome page
J. J. Kim, N. C. Andreasen, D. S. O'Leary, A. K. Wiser, L. L. B. Ponto, G. L. Watkins, and R. D. Hichwa
Direct comparison of the neural substrates of recognition memory for words and faces
Brain, June 1, 1999; 122(6): 1069 - 1083.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
H. S. Mayberg, M. Liotti, S. K. Brannan, S. McGinnis, R. K. Mahurin, P. A. Jerabek, J. A. Silva, J. L. Tekell, C. C. Martin, J. L. Lancaster, et al.
Reciprocal Limbic-Cortical Function and Negative Mood: Converging PET Findings in Depression and Normal Sadness
Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 1999; 156(5): 675 - 682.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 JPEN J Parenter Enteral NutrHome page
Y.-M. Yu, R. G. Tompkins, C. M. Ryan, and V. R. Young
The Metabolic Basis of the Increase in Energy Expenditure in Severely Burned Patients
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, May 1, 1999; 23(3): 160 - 168.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi.Home page
M. B. Wiseman, J. A. Sanchez, C. Buechel, M. A. Mintun, O. L. Lopez, D. Milko, and J. T. Becker
Patterns of Relative Cerebral Blood Flow in Minor Cognitive Motor Disorder in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, May 1, 1999; 11(2): 222 - 233.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 StrokeHome page
C. P. Derdeyn, T. O. Videen, S. M. Fritsch, D. A. Carpenter, R. L. Grubb Jr, and W. J. Powers
Compensatory Mechanisms for Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Patients With Carotid Occlusion
Stroke, May 1, 1999; 30(5): 1019 - 1024.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 StrokeHome page
C. P. Derdeyn, A. Shaibani, C. J. Moran, D. T. Cross III, R. L. Grubb Jr, and W. J. Powers
Lack of Correlation Between Pattern of Collateralization and Misery Perfusion in Patients With Carotid Occlusion
Stroke, May 1, 1999; 30(5): 1025 - 1032.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
T. R. Henry, J. R. Votaw, P. B. Pennell, C. M. Epstein, R. A. E. Bakay, T. L. Faber, S. T. Grafton, and J. M. Hoffman
Acute blood flow changes and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in partial epilepsy
Neurology, April 1, 1999; 52(6): 1166 - 1166.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
D. Denton, R. Shade, F. Zamarippa, G. Egan, J. Blair-West, M. McKinley, and P. Fox
Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow and change of plasma sodium concentration during genesis and satiation of thirst
PNAS, March 2, 1999; 96(5): 2532 - 2537.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
B. Crespo-Facorro, S. Paradiso, N. C. Andreasen, D. S. O'Leary, G. L. Watkins, L. L. Boles Ponto, and R. D. Hichwa
Recalling Word Lists Reveals "Cognitive Dysmetria" in Schizophrenia: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Am J Psychiatry, March 1, 1999; 156(3): 386 - 392.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
D. L. Johnson, J. S. Wiebe, S. M. Gold, N. C. Andreasen, R. D. Hichwa, G. L. Watkins, and L. L. Boles Ponto
Cerebral Blood Flow and Personality: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Am J Psychiatry, February 1, 1999; 156(2): 252 - 257.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 BrainHome page
Y. Ouchi, H. Okada, E. Yoshikawa, S. Nobezawa, and M. Futatsubashi
Brain activation during maintenance of standing postures in humans
Brain, February 1, 1999; 122(2): 329 - 338.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
S. T. Grafton, E. Hazeltine, and R. B. Ivry
Abstract and Effector-Specific Representations of Motor Sequences Identified with PET
J. Neurosci., November 15, 1998; 18(22): 9420 - 9428.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
R. S. Turner, S. T. Grafton, J. R. Votaw, M. R. Delong, and J. M. Hoffman
Motor Subcircuits Mediating the Control of Movement Velocity: A PET Study
J Neurophysiol, October 1, 1998; 80(4): 2162 - 2176.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
H. van Mier, L. W. Tempel, J. S. Perlmutter, M. E. Raichle, and S. E. Petersen
Changes in Brain Activity During Motor Learning Measured With PET: Effects of Hand of Performance and Practice
J Neurophysiol, October 1, 1998; 80(4): 2177 - 2199.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. Hershey, K. J. Black, M. K. Stambuk, J. L. Carl, L. A. McGee-Minnich, and J. S. Perlmutter
Altered thalamic response to levodopa in Parkinson's patients with dopa-induced dyskinesias
PNAS, September 29, 1998; 95(20): 12016 - 12021.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 StrokeHome page
T. Nariai, M. Senda, K. Ishii, S. Wakabayashi, T. Yokota, H. Toyama, Y. Matsushima, and K. Hirakawa
Posthyperventilatory Steal Response in Chronic Cerebral Hemodynamic Stress : A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Stroke, July 1, 1998; 29(7): 1281 - 1292.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 StrokeHome page
C. P. Derdeyn, K. D. Yundt, T. O. Videen, D. A. Carpenter, R. L. Grubb Jr, and W. J. Powers
Increased Oxygen Extraction Fraction Is Associated With Prior Ischemic Events in Patients With Carotid Occlusion
Stroke, April 1, 1998; 29(4): 754 - 758.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
R. J. Zatorre, D. W. Perry, C. A. Beckett, C. F. Westbury, and A. C. Evans
Functional anatomy of musical processing in listeners with absolute pitch and relative pitch
PNAS, March 17, 1998; 95(6): 3172 - 3177.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
M. E. Raichle
Behind the scenes of functional brain imaging: A historical and physiological perspective
PNAS, February 3, 1998; 95(3): 765 - 772.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
S. T. Grafton, A. H. Fagg, and M. A. Arbib
Dorsal Premotor Cortex and Conditional Movement Selection: A PET Functional Mapping Study
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 1998; 79(2): 1092 - 1097.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
T. Paus, R. Jech, C. J. Thompson, R. Comeau, T. Peters, and A. C. Evans
Dose-Dependent Reduction of Cerebral Blood Flow During Rapid-Rate Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Human Sensorimotor Cortex
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 1998; 79(2): 1102 - 1107.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
K. Inoue, R. Kawashima, K. Satoh, S. Kinomura, R. Goto, M. Koyama, M. Sugiura, M. Ito, and H. Fukuda
PET Study of Pointing With Visual Feedback of Moving Hands
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 1998; 79(1): 117 - 125.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
C. S. Carter, M. Mintun, T. Nichols, and J. D. Cohen
Anterior Cingulate Gyrus Dysfunction and Selective Attention Deficits in Schizophrenia: [15O]H2O PET Study During Single-Trial Stroop Task Performance
Am J Psychiatry, December 1, 1997; 154(12): 1670 - 1675.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 StrokeHome page
J. Hatazawa, E. Shimosegawa, T. Satoh, H. Toyoshima, and T. Okudera
Subcortical Hypoperfusion Associated With Asymptomatic White Matter Lesions on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Stroke, October 1, 1997; 28(10): 1944 - 1947.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
D. M. Small, M. Jones-Gotman, R. J. Zatorre, M. Petrides, and A. C. Evans
A Role for the Right Anterior Temporal Lobe in Taste Quality Recognition
J. Neurosci., July 1, 1997; 17(13): 5136 - 5142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
N. Hofle, T. Paus, D. Reutens, P. Fiset, J. Gotman, A. C. Evans, and B. E. Jones
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes as a Function of Delta and Spindle Activity during Slow Wave Sleep in Humans
J. Neurosci., June 15, 1997; 17(12): 4800 - 4808.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
K. J. Black, M. H. Gado, and J. S. Perlmutter
PET Measurement of Dopamine D2 Receptor-Mediated Changes in Striatopallidal Function
J. Neurosci., May 1, 1997; 17(9): 3168 - 3177.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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