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Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Correspondence: For reprints contact: M. E. Raichle, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110.
ABSTRACT
The tissue autoradiographic method for the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in animals was adapted for use with positron emission tomography (PET). Because of the limited spatial resolution of PET, a region of interest will contain a mix of gray and white matter, inhomogeneous in flow and in tracer partition coefficient (
). The resultant error in rCBF, however, is less than 4 %. Although the tissue autoradiographic method requires a monotonically increasing input function to ensure a unique solution for flow, the PET adaptation does not, because of an additional integration in the operational equation. Simulation showed that the model is accurate in the presence of ischemia or hyperemia of the gray matter. Inaccuracy in timing of the arterial input function will result in large errors in rCBF measurement. Propagation of errors in measurement of tissue activity is largely independent of flow, reflecting the nearly linear flow compared with activity relationship.
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R. S. Turner, S. T. Grafton, J. R. Votaw, M. R. Delong, and J. M. Hoffman Motor Subcircuits Mediating the Control of Movement Velocity: A PET Study J Neurophysiol, October 1, 1998; 80(4): 2162 - 2176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. van Mier, L. W. Tempel, J. S. Perlmutter, M. E. Raichle, and S. E. Petersen Changes in Brain Activity During Motor Learning Measured With PET: Effects of Hand of Performance and Practice J Neurophysiol, October 1, 1998; 80(4): 2177 - 2199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Hershey, K. J. Black, M. K. Stambuk, J. L. Carl, L. A. McGee-Minnich, and J. S. Perlmutter Altered thalamic response to levodopa in Parkinson's patients with dopa-induced dyskinesias PNAS, September 29, 1998; 95(20): 12016 - 12021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Nariai, M. Senda, K. Ishii, S. Wakabayashi, T. Yokota, H. Toyama, Y. Matsushima, and K. Hirakawa Posthyperventilatory Steal Response in Chronic Cerebral Hemodynamic Stress : A Positron Emission Tomography Study Stroke, July 1, 1998; 29(7): 1281 - 1292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. L. Shulman, J. Schwarz, F. M. Miezin, and S. E. Petersen Effect of Motion Contrast on Human Cortical Responses to Moving Stimuli J Neurophysiol, May 1, 1998; 79(5): 2794 - 2803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. P. Derdeyn, K. D. Yundt, T. O. Videen, D. A. Carpenter, R. L. Grubb Jr, and W. J. Powers Increased Oxygen Extraction Fraction Is Associated With Prior Ischemic Events in Patients With Carotid Occlusion Stroke, April 1, 1998; 29(4): 754 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. T. Grafton, A. H. Fagg, and M. A. Arbib Dorsal Premotor Cortex and Conditional Movement Selection: A PET Functional Mapping Study J Neurophysiol, February 1, 1998; 79(2): 1092 - 1097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Paus, R. Jech, C. J. Thompson, R. Comeau, T. Peters, and A. C. Evans Dose-Dependent Reduction of Cerebral Blood Flow During Rapid-Rate Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Human Sensorimotor Cortex J Neurophysiol, February 1, 1998; 79(2): 1102 - 1107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W.-D. Heiss, M. Grond, A. Thiel, M. Ghaemi, J. Sobesky, J. Rudolf, B. Bauer, and K. Wienhard Permanent Cortical Damage Detected by Flumazenil Positron Emission Tomography in Acute Stroke Stroke, February 1, 1998; 29(2): 454 - 461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Inoue, R. Kawashima, K. Satoh, S. Kinomura, R. Goto, M. Koyama, M. Sugiura, M. Ito, and H. Fukuda PET Study of Pointing With Visual Feedback of Moving Hands J Neurophysiol, January 1, 1998; 79(1): 117 - 125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Hatazawa, E. Shimosegawa, T. Satoh, H. Toyoshima, and T. Okudera Subcortical Hypoperfusion Associated With Asymptomatic White Matter Lesions on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Stroke, October 1, 1997; 28(10): 1944 - 1947. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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W.-D. Heiss, R. Graf, T. Fujita, K. Ohta, B. Bauer, J. Lottgen, and K. Wienhard Early Detection of Irreversibly Damaged Ischemic Tissue by Flumazenil Positron Emission Tomography in Cats Stroke, October 1, 1997; 28(10): 2045 - 2052. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. Hofle, T. Paus, D. Reutens, P. Fiset, J. Gotman, A. C. Evans, and B. E. Jones Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes as a Function of Delta and Spindle Activity during Slow Wave Sleep in Humans J. Neurosci., June 15, 1997; 17(12): 4800 - 4808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Paus, R. Jech, C. J. Thompson, R. Comeau, T. Peters, and A. C. Evans Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation during Positron Emission Tomography: A New Method for Studying Connectivity of the Human Cerebral Cortex J. Neurosci., May 1, 1997; 17(9): 3178 - 3184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J. Winstein, S. T. Grafton, and P. S. Pohl Motor Task Difficulty and Brain Activity: Investigation of Goal-Directed Reciprocal Aiming Using Positron Emission Tomography J Neurophysiol, March 1, 1997; 77(3): 1581 - 1594. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Perlmutter, M. K. Stambuk, J. Markham, K. J. Black, L. McGee-Minnich, J. Jankovic, and S. M. Moerlein Decreased [18F]Spiperone Binding in Putamen in Idiopathic Focal Dystonia J. Neurosci., January 15, 1997; 17(2): 843 - 850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Grabowski and A. R. Damasio Improving functional imaging techniques: The dream of a single image for a single mental event PNAS, December 10, 1996; 93(25): 14302 - 14303. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Buckner, M. E. Raichle, F. M. Miezin, and S. E. Petersen Functional Anatomic Studies of Memory Retrieval for Auditory Words and Visual Pictures J. Neurosci., October 1, 1996; 16(19): 6219 - 6235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. S. George, P. I. Parekh, N. Rosinsky, T. A. Ketter, T. A. Kimbrell, K. M. Heilman, P. Herscovitch, and R. M. Post Understanding Emotional Prosody Activates Right Hemisphere Regions Arch Neurol, July 1, 1996; 53(7): 665 - 670. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 D. S. O'Leary, N. C. Andreasen, R. R. Hurtig, M. L. Kesler, M. Rogers, S. Arndt, G. L. Watkins, L. L. B. Ponto, P. T. Kirchner, and R. D. Hichwa Auditory Attentional Deficits in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Positron Emission Tomography Study Arch Gen Psychiatry, July 1, 1996; 53(7): 633 - 641. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Ohyama, M. Senda, S. Kitamura, K. Ishii, M. Mishina, and A. Terashi Role of the Nondominant Hemisphere and Undamaged Area During Word Repetition in Poststroke Aphasics : A PET Activation Study Stroke, May 1, 1996; 27(5): 897 - 903. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Petersen, P. Fox, A. Snyder, and M. Raichle Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word-like stimuli Science, August 31, 1990; 249(4972): 1041 - 1044. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M Corbetta, F. Miezin, S Dobmeyer, G. Shulman, and S. Petersen Attentional modulation of neural processing of shape, color, and velocity in humans Science, June 22, 1990; 248(4962): 1556 - 1559. [Abstract] [PDF]
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E. M. Reiman, M. E. Raichle, E. Robins, M. A. Mintun, M. J. Fusselman, P. T. Fox, J. L. Price, and K. A. Hackman Neuroanatomical Correlates of a Lactate-Induced Anxiety Attack Arch Gen Psychiatry, June 1, 1989; 46(6): 493 - 500. [Abstract] [PDF]
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E. Reiman, M. Fusselman, P. Fox, and M. Raichle Neuroanatomical correlates of anticipatory anxiety Science, February 24, 1989; 243(4894): 1071 - 1074. [Abstract] [PDF]
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P. Fox, M. Raichle, M. Mintun, and C Dence Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal physiologic neural activity Science, July 22, 1988; 241(4864): 462 - 464. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 W. J. POWERS, G. A. PRESS, R. L. GRUBB Jr., M. GADO, and M. E. RAICHLE The Effect of Hemodynamically Significant Carotid Artery Disease on the Hemodynamic Status of the Cerebral Circulation Ann Intern Med, January 1, 1987; 106(1): 27 - 35. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Ernst, J. A. Matochik, S. J. Heishman, J. D. Van Horn, P. H. Jons, J. E. Henningfield, and E. D. London Effect of nicotine on brain activation during performance of a working memory task PNAS, April 10, 2001; 98(8): 4728 - 4733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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